Essay/Term paper: Why the north won the civil war

Essay, term paper, research paper:  American Civil War

The American antebellum South, though steeped in pride and raised in

military tradition, was to be no match for the burgeoning superiority of

the rapidly developing North in the coming Civil War. The lack of

emphasis on manufacturing and commercial interest, stemming from the

Southern desire to preserve their traditional agrarian society,

surrendered to the North their ability to function independently, much

less to wage war. It was neither Northern troops nor generals that won

the Civil War, rather Northern guns and industry.

From the onset of war, the Union had obvious advantages. Quite simply,

the North had large amounts of just about everything that the South did

not, boasting resources that the Confederacy had even no means of

attaining (See Appendices, Brinkley et al. 415). Sheer manpower ratios

were unbelievably one-sided, with only nine of the nation's 31 million

inhabitants residing in the seceding states (Angle 7). The Union also

had large amounts of land available for growing food crops which served

the dual purpose of providing food for its hungry soldiers and money for

its ever-growing industries. The South, on the other hand, devoted most

of what arable land it had exclusively to its main cash crop: cotton

(Catton, The Coming Fury 38). Raw materials were almost entirely

concentrated in Northern mines and refining industries. Railroads and

telegraph lines, the veritable lifelines of any army, traced paths all

across the Northern countryside but left the South isolated, outdated,

and starving (See Appendices). The final death knell for a modern South

developed in the form of economic colonialism. The Confederates were

all too willing to sell what little raw materials they possessed to

Northern Industry for any profit they could get. Little did they know,

"King Cotton" could buy them time, but not the war. The South had

bartered something that perhaps it had not intended: its independence

(Catton, Reflections 143).



The North's ever-growing industry was an important supplement to its

economical dominance of the South. Between the years of 1840 and 1860,

American industry saw sharp and steady growth. In 1840 the total value

of goods manufactured in the United States stood at $483 million,

increasing over fourfold by 1860 to just under $2 billion, with the

North taking the king's ransom (Brinkley et al. 312). The underlying

reason behind this dramatic expansion can be traced directly to the

American Industrial Revolution.



Beginning in the early 1800s, traces of the industrial revolution in

England began to bleed into several aspects of the American society.

One of the first industries to see quick development was the textile

industry, but, thanks to the British government, this development almost

never came to pass. Years earlier, England's James Watt had developed

the first successful steam engine. This invention, coupled with the

birth of James Hargreaves' spinning jenny, completely revolutionized the

British textile industry, and eventually made it the most profitable in

the world ("Industrial Revolution"). The British government,

parsimonious with its newfound knowledge of machinery, attempted to

protect the nation's manufacturing preeminence by preventing the export

of textile machinery and even the emigration of skilled mechanics.

Despite valiant attempts at deterrence, though, many immigrants managed

to make their way into the United States with the advanced knowledge of

English technology, and they were anxious to acquaint America with the

new machines (Furnas 303).

And acquaint the Americans they did: more specifically, New England

Americans. It was people like Samuel Slater who can be credited with

beginning the revolution of the textile industry in America. A skilled

mechanic in England, Slater spent long hours studying the schematics for

the spinning jenny until finally he no longer needed them. He emigrated

to Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and there, together with a Quaker merchant

by the name of Moses Brown, he built a spinning jenny from memory

(Furnas 303). This meager mill would later become known as the first

modern factory in America. It would also become known as the point at

which the North began its economic domination of the Confederacy.

Although slow to accept change, The South was not entirely unaffected

by the onset of the Industrial Revolution. Another inventor by the name

of Eli Whitney set out in 1793 to revolutionize the Southern cotton

industry. Whitney was working as a tutor for a plantation owner in

Georgia (he was also, ironically, born and raised in New England) and

therefore knew the problems of harvesting cotton (Brinkley et al. 200).

Until then, the arduous task of separating the seeds from the cotton

before sale had been done chiefly by slave labor and was, consequently,

very inefficient. Whitney developed a machine which would separate the

seed from the cotton swiftly and effectively, cutting the harvesting

time by more than one half ("Industrial Revolution"). This machine,

which became known as the cotton gin, had profound results on the South,

producing the highest uptrend the industry had ever, and would ever,

see. In that decade alone cotton production figures increased by more

than 2000 percent (Randall and Donald 36). Enormous amounts of business

opportunities opened up, including, perhaps most importantly, the

expansion of the Southern plantations. This was facilitated by the fact

that a single worker could now do the same amount of work in a few hours

that a group of workers had once needed a whole day to do (Brinkley et

al. 201). This allowed slaves to pick much more cotton per day and

therefore led most plantation owners to expand their land base. The

monetary gains of the cash crop quickly took precedence over the basic

necessity of the food crop, which could be gotten elsewhere. In 1791

cotton production amounted to only 4000 bales, but by 1860, production

levels had skyrocketed to just under five million bales (Randall and

Donald 36). Cotton was now bringing in nearly $200 million a year,

which constituted almost two-thirds of the total export trade (Brinkley

et al. 329). "King Cotton" was born, and it soon became a fundamental

motive in Southern diplomacy. However, during this short burst of

economic prowess, the South failed to realize that it would never be

sustained by "King Cotton" alone. What it needed was the guiding hand

of "Queen Industry."

Eli Whitney soon came to realize that the South would not readily

accept change, and decided to take his inventive mind back up to the

North, where it could be put to good use. He found his niche in the

small arms business. Previously, during two long years of quasi-war

with France, Americans had been vexed by the lack of rapidity with which

sufficient armaments could be produced. Whitney came to the rescue with

the invention of interchangeable parts. His vision of the perfect

factory included machines which would produce, from a preshaped mold,

the various components needed to build a standard infantry rifle, and

workers on an assembly line who would construct it ("Industrial

Revolution"). The North, eager to experiment and willing to try

anything that smacked of economic progress, decided to test the waters

of this inviting new method of manufacture. It did not take the

resourceful Northerners very long to actualize Eli Whitney's dream and

make mass production a reality. The small arms industry boomed, and

kept on booming. By the onset of the Civil War, the confederate states

were dolefully noting the fact that there were thirty-eight Union arms

factories capable of producing a total of 5,000 infantry rifles per day,

compared with their own paltry capacity of 100 (Catton, Glory Road 241).

During the mid-1800s, the Industrial Revolution dug its spurs deep into

the side of the Northern states. Luckily, immigration numbers were

skyrocketing at this time, and the sudden profusion of factory positions

that needed to be filled was not a big problem (See Appendices and

Randall and Donald 1-2). The immigrants, who were escaping anything

from the Irish Potato Famine to British oppression, were willing to work

for almost anything and withstand inhuman factory conditions (Jones).

Although this exploitation was extremely cruel and unfair to the

immigrants, Northern businessmen profited immensely from it (Brinkley et

al. 264)

By the beginning of war in 1860, the Union, from an economical

standpoint, stood like a towering giant over the stagnant Southern

agrarian society. Of the over 128,000 industrial firms in the nation at

this time, the Confederacy held only 18,026. New England alone topped

the figure with over 19,000, and so did Pennsylvania 21,000 and New York

with 23,000 (Paludan 105). The total value of goods manufactured in the

state of New York alone was over four times that of the entire

Confederacy. The Northern states produced 96 percent of the locomotives

in the country, and, as for firearms, more of them were made in one

Connecticut county than in all the Southern factories combined ("Civil

War," Encyclopedia Americana).

The Confederacy had made one fatal mistake: believing that its thriving

cotton industry alone would be enough to sustain itself throughout the

war. Southerners saw no need to venture into the uncharted industrial

territories when good money could be made with cotton. What they failed

to realize was that the cotton boom had done more for the North than it

had done for the South. Southerners could grow vast amounts of cotton,

but due to the lack of mills, they could do nothing with it.

Consequently, the cotton was sold to the Northerners who would use it in

their factories to produce wools and linens, which were in turn sold

back to the South. This cycle stimulated industrial growth in the Union

and stagnated it in the Confederate states (Catton, Reflections 144).

Southern plantation owners erred in believing that the growing textile

industries of England and France were highly dependent on their cotton,

and that, in the event of war, those countries would come to their

rescue ("Civil War," World Book). They believed that the North would

then be forced to acquiesce to the "perfect" Southern society. They

were wrong.

During the war years, the economical superiority of the Union, which

had been so eminent before the war, was cemented. The Civil War gave an

even bigger boost to the already growing factories in the North. The

troops needed arms and warm clothes on a constant basis, and Northern

Industry was glad to provide them. By 1862, the Union could boast of

its capacity to manufacture almost all of its own war materials using

its own resources (Brinkley et al. 415). The South, on the other hand,

was fatally dependent on outside resources for its war needs.



Dixie was not only lagging far behind in the factories. It had also

chosen to disregard two other all-important areas in which the North had

chosen to thrive: transportation and communication.

. . . the Railroad, the Locomotive, and the Telegraph- -iron, steam,

and lightning-these three mighty genii of civilization . . . will know

no lasting pause until the whole vast line of railway shall completed

from the Atlantic to the Pacific. (Furnas 357)

During the antebellum years, the North American populace especially had

shown a great desire for an effective mode of transportation. For a

long time, canals had been used to transport people and goods across

large amounts of land which were accessible by water, but, with

continuing growth and expansion, these canals were becoming obsolete and

a symbol of frustration to many Northerners. They simply needed a way

to transport freight and passengers across terrains where waterways did

not exist (Brinkley et al. 256-59).

The first glimmer of hope came as America's first primitive locomotive,

powered by a vertical wood-fired boiler, puffed out of Charleston

hauling a cannon and gun crew firing salutes (Catton, Glory Road 237).

Ironically enough, this revolution had begun in the South, but there it

would not prosper. The Railroading industry quickly blossomed in the

North, where it provided a much needed alternative to canals, but could

never quite get a foothold in the South. Much of this can be accredited

to the fact that Northern engineers were experienced in the field of

ironworking and had no problem constructing vast amounts of intricate

rail lines, while Southerners, still fledglings in the field, simply

hobbled.

This hobbling was quite unmistakable at the outbreak of the Civil War.

The Union, with its some 22,000 miles of track, was able to transport

weaponry, clothes, food, soldiers, and whatever supplies were needed to

almost any location in the entire theater. Overall, this greatly aided

the Northern war effort and worked to increase the morale of the

troops. The South, on the other hand, could not boast such logistical

prowess. With its meager production of only four percent of the

nation"s locomotives and its scant 9,000 miles of track, the Confederacy

stood in painful awareness of its inferiority (Randall and Donald 8).

Trackage figures alone, though, do not tell the entire story of the

weakness of the South"s railroad"s system. Another obstacle arose in

the problem of track gauge. The gauge, or width of track, frequently

varied from rail to rail in the South. Therefore, goods would often

have to be taken off one train and transferred to another before moving

on to their final destination. Any perishable goods had to be stored in

warehouses if there were any delays, and this was not an uncommon

occurrence. There also existed a problem in the fact that there were

large gaps between many crucial parts of the South, which required

suppliers to make detours over long distances or to carry goods between

rails by wagon (Catton, The Coming Fury 434). As the war progressed,

the Confederate railroad system steadily deteriorated, and, by the end

of the struggle, it had all but collapsed.

Communication, or rather lack thereof, was another impediment to

Southern economical growth. The telegraph had burst into American life

in 1844, when Samuel Morse first transmitted, from the Supreme Court

chamber in the capitol to Alfred Vail in Baltimore, his famous words

"What hath God wrought!" (Brinkley et al. 314). The advent of this

fresh form of communication greatly facilitated the operation of the

railroad lines in the North. Telegraph lines ran along the tracks,

connecting one station to the next and aiding the scheduling of the

trains. Moreover, the telegraph provided instant communication between

distant cities, tying the nation together like never before. Yet,

ironically, it also buttressed the growing schism between the two

diverging societies (314). The South, unimpressed by this new modern

technology and not having the money to experiment, chose not to delve

very deeply into its development. Pity, they would learn to regret it.

By 1860, the North had laid over 90 percent of the nation"s some 50,000

miles of telegraph wire. Morse"s telegraph had become an ideal answer

to the problems of long-distance communication, with its latest triumph

of land taking shape in the form of the Pacific telegraph, which ran

from New York to San Francisco and used 3,595 miles of wire (Brinkley et

al. 315). The North, as with all telegraph lines, embraced its

relatively low cost and ease of construction. The Pacific telegraph

brought the agricultural Northwest together with the more industrious

Northeast and the blossoming West, forming an alliance which would prove

to break the back of the ever-weakening South (324-25).



The Civil War was a trying time for both the Union and the Confederacy

alike, but the question of its outcome was obvious from the start. The

North was guaranteed a decisive victory over the ill-equipped South.

Northerners, prepared to endure the deprivation of war, were startled to

find that they were experiencing an enormous industrial boom even after

the first year of war. Indeed, the only Northern industry that suffered

from the war was the carrying trade (Catton, Reflections 144). To the

South, however, the war was a draining and debilitating leech, sucking

the land dry of any semblance of economical formidability. No financial

staple was left untouched; all were subject to diminishment and

exhaustion. This agrarian South, with its traditional values and

beliefs, decided not to cultivate two crops which would prove quite

crucial in the outcome of the Civil War. Those crops were industry and

progress, and without them the South was doomed to defeat. A wise man

he was, that Union General William Tecumseh Sherman. A wise man indeed.





Appendices



(Note: appendices taken from Brinkley et al. 315-17, 415)





Works Cited

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York: Doubleday, 1952.

---. The Coming Fury. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1961. Vol 2

of The Centennial History of the Civil War. 3 vols. n.d.

---. Reflections on the Civil War. Ed. John Leekley. 1st ed. Garden

City, New York: Doubleday, 1981.

"Civil War." Encyclopedia Americana. 1987 ed.

"Civil War." World Book Encyclopedia. 1981 ed.

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1587-1914. New York: Putnam, 1969.

Jones, Donald C. Telephone Interview. 28 Feb. 1993.

"Industrial Revolution." World Book Encyclopedia. 1981 ed.

Paludan, Philip Shaw. A People"s Contest. New York: Harper, 1988.

Randall, J.G., and David Herbert Donald. The Civil War and

Reconstruction. Lexington, Massachusetts: Heath, 1969.